What is unfair dismissal?
Unfair dismissal is when a dismissal is:
- considered harsh, unjust or unreasonable
- not consistent with the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code
- not a genuine redundancy.
For more information, see Unfair dismissal in the My problem is about section of our website.
Can I apply for unfair dismissal?
You may be eligible to apply for unfair dismissal if you:
- are covered by the national laws
- are an employee and not a contractor, and
- have worked for your employer for at least 12 months if you work for a small business, or six months if you work for a business that is not a small business.
You are not eligible to apply for unfair dismissal if you:
- are a casual employee, unless you worked on a regular and systematic basis for at least six months for a large business or 12 months for a small business, and had a reasonable expectation of continuing work
- were employed on a contract for a fixed term or for a specific task that has finished
- earn more than $175,000 pa (as at 1 July 2024) and are not covered by an award or industrial agreement. This amount includes wages and salary and amounts that can be determined in advance, but does not include discretionary bonuses and compulsory superannuation payments.
For more information, see Can you apply? in the My problem is about section of our website.
If you want to apply for unfair dismissal, you should get legal advice. You may also have other options, such as applying for general protections dismissal or making a discrimination claim.
Can I apply for unfair dismissal if I worked for a small business?
If you worked for a small business, you may be eligible to apply for unfair dismissal if:
- you were an employee and not a contractor or hired through an agency
- worked for a minimum period of 12 months for your employer
- your employer did not follow the procedures set out in the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code.
For more information, see What is unfair dismissal? on the My problem is about section of our website.
Do I work for a small business employer?
A small business employer is an employer that has less than 15 employees. The number of employees is determined by a head count of full time and part time employees as well as any casual employees that work on a regular and systematic basis. You need to include yourself in working out the number of employees.
For more information, see What is unfair dismissal? on the My problem is about section of our website.
If your employer has less than 15 employees, but they have more than one business or other companies that are associated with them, you should get legal advice about whether your employer is still considered a small business employer.
Can I apply for unfair dismissal if I am employed through an agency?
There are strict rules about who is eligible to apply for unfair dismissal.
You are generally not considered an employee of an organisation if you have been sent there by a labour hire agency. This means that you may not be able to apply for unfair dismissal against the organisation where you work.
In some circumstances, you may be able to apply for unfair dismissal against the labour hire agency, however this area of the law is very complicated and you will need to get legal advice. Other options might also apply depending on the circumstances of your dismissal.
Do unfair dismissal laws apply to me if I work for a franchise?
In some circumstances unfair dismissal laws may apply if you work for a franchise.
Franchises are usually owned by separate and unrelated companies (or individuals), and pay for the right to use a particular trademark, design or intellectual property of another company. However, sometimes one company (or individual) can own more than one franchise or business. In those cases, all employees working for all franchises and businesses owned by that company (or individual) can be added together to work out the total number of employees for unfair dismissal purposes.
You should get legal advice about your situation.
Do unfair dismissal laws apply if I work for a trust?
In some circumstances unfair dismissal laws may apply if you work for a trust. You should get legal advice about your situation.
Can I apply for unfair dismissal if I am a volunteer?
You are not eligible to apply for unfair dismissal if you were dismissed from volunteer work.
Can I apply for unfair dismissal if I was on probation?
Regardless of the length of your probationary period, you can't apply for unfair dismissal if you were employed for:
- less than 12 months, if you worked for a small business, or
- less than six months, if you worked for an employer that is not a small business.
If your probationary period was for more than six months, you should get legal advice if:
- your employer dismissed you during your probation period, and
- you had worked for at least six months.
If you want to apply for unfair dismissal, you should get legal advice. You may also have other options, such as applying for general protections dismissal or making a discrimination claim.
Can I apply for unfair dismissal if I am a casual?
If you worked for a small business, you are only eligible to apply for unfair dismissal as a casual if:
- you were working on a regular and systematic basis for the same employer for more than 12 months
- you had a reasonable expectation of ongoing work, and
- your employer did not follow the procedures set out in the Small Business Fair Dismissal Code.
If you worked for a business that is not a small business, you are only able to claim unfair dismissal as a casual worker if you:
- had been working on a regular and systematic basis for the same employer for more than six months, and
- had a reasonable expectation of ongoing work.
If you want to apply for unfair dismissal, you should get legal advice. You may also have other options, such as applying for general protections dismissal or making a discrimination claim.
Can I apply for unfair dismissal if I work for a company that is based overseas?
If you work for an overseas company that operated in Australia, you will need to get legal advice about whether you are eligible to apply for unfair dismissal. This is a complicated matter and a lawyer would need to know in detail the structure of the company to advise you on your options.
Can I claim unfair dismissal if I was paid cash in hand?
It is illegal to work for cash without paying tax. You can still apply for unfair dismissal, but you should be aware that the Australian Taxation Office can take action against both you and the employer if income tax has not been paid. Criminal charges may be laid and/or you may have to pay back tax and penalties.
You should get legal advice about your situation.
Can it be unfair dismissal if my employer forced me to resign?
You may have been dismissed, even though you resigned, if you can show that you did not resign voluntarily but were forced to resign because of pressure from your employer. Depending on your circumstances, you might be able to apply for unfair dismissal.
You should get legal advice about your situation.
Can I apply for unfair dismissal if I was made redundant?
A genuine redundancy happens when your employer no longer needs your job to be done by anyone and your employer has followed any obligations they had in a modern award or enterprise agreement.
If you can prove that your redundancy was not genuine, you may be able to apply for unfair dismissal.
You should get legal advice if you are in this situation.
What form do I use to apply for unfair dismissal?
If you are eligible to apply for unfair dismissal, you will need to complete an application form. You will need to pay the filing fee and file your form with the Fair Work Commission (the Commission).
You have 21 days from the date of your dismissal to apply for unfair dismissal at the Commission.
For more information, see Step by step guide - Making an unfair dismissal application on the My problem is about section of our website.
Can I make an urgent application if it is nearly more than 21 days since I was dismissed?
If the time limit is nearly up since you were dismissed, you must act quickly. In this situation, you can make your application over the telephone or online.
For more information, see:
What can I ask for in my claim?
In your unfair dismissal claim you can ask for:
- your job back, or a similar job (reinstatement), and/or
- compensation (money) for lost wages instead of reinstatement.
You usually can’t ask for back pay for unpaid wages or entitlements but you can negotiate about this during the unfair dismissal claim process.
What is the maximum amount of compensation I can claim?
The maximum amount of compensation (money) that you can claim in an unfair dismissal claim is generally 26 weeks wages.
You can negotiate an amount of compensation with your employer at conciliation, which will occur after you file your application with the Fair Work Commission. You may want to get legal advice about how much compensation you should ask for, taking into account your length of service with your employer, the circumstances of the dismissal and other factors.
If conciliation is unsuccessful and your case goes to a hearing and the Commissioner decides to award you compensation rather than reinstatement, the Commissioner will decide the amount of compensation that you will be awarded.
If you want to claim compensation, you should get legal advice about the maximum amount you may be able to claim.
Can compensation cover pain and suffering?
If your unfair dismissal claim is successful and you receive compensation (money), you will only be compensated for actual losses, for example, lost wages. You can't be compensated for shock, distress, humiliation or other similar hurt in an unfair dismissal claim.
If my employer owes me money, can this be included in my unfair dismissal claim?
If you claim for compensation (money) for unfair dismissal, it is separate from any claim you might have against your employer for money they owe you, for example, unpaid wages and entitlements. You can claim these amounts separately.
It may be possible to negotiate these amounts with your employer when you attend conciliation for your unfair dismissal claim.
For more information, see Recovering unpaid wages and entitlements – Frequently Asked Questions.
If I get another job, will this affect how much I can get in compensation?
If your unfair dismissal claim is successful, and the Fair Work Commission is deciding on compensation (money), it can take into account:
- whether you have found another job
- how long it took you to find another job
- whether you have deliberately delayed looking for another job.
What happens after I apply for unfair dismissal?
After you file your application with the Fair Work Commission (the Commission), your employer will be sent a copy of your application and be asked to respond to it, including any objection to the Commission having power to hear the application (called jurisdictional objections). Your employer should send you a copy of their response.
If your employer does not raise any jurisdictional objections, the Commission will then send you both a Notice of Listing. This is a letter that will include a date and time when you have to attend conciliation.
If your employer raises jurisdictional objections, you should get legal advice before your hearing date. This is because a jurisdictional hearing will be held for your case, with the Commission deciding whether it has the power to hear your application.
For more information, see Step by step guide - Preparing for conciliation on the My problem is about section of our website.
What is conciliation?
Conciliation is when you and your employer will talk about the issues with a third person (a conciliator) to see if the dispute can be resolved.
For more information, see:
What if conciliation is unsuccessful?
If you and your employer can't reach an agreement at conciliation, your case will go to a hearing. A hearing will take place on a different day to the conciliation. At the hearing, you and your employer will both get to present your case to a member of the Fair Work Commission who will decide your case.
For more information, see:
Do I need a lawyer to represent me?
The Fair Work Commission (the Commission) will usually allow you to have a support person at conciliation. This could be a family member or friend or a lawyer.
If your case goes to a hearing, you can apply to the Commission for permission to have a lawyer represent you. The Commission will only give you permission if:
Will I have to pay costs?
Generally, each party will have to pay their own legal costs in an unfair dismissal case, whether they win or lose. However, the Fair Work Commission may order costs against an unsuccessful party in some cases, for example, if you have made a frivolous or vexatious claim, or if one party acted unreasonably by failing to discontinue or settle the matter.
Can I appeal the decision of the Fair Work Commission?
If you are unhappy with the decision of the Fair Work Commission (the Commission), you may be able to apply for permission to appeal within 21 days of the date of the decision.
If it has been more than 21 days since the decision was made, you may still be able to appeal. However, you will need to ask for an extension of time and explain why you did not file your appeal within the time limit.
Before you appeal, you should get legal advice. If the Commission thinks that your appeal was clearly weak and you had no chance of winning, it can order you to pay the other party’s legal costs.
For more information, see Appeals - Unfair dismissal on the My problem is about section of our website.